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Polish Grammatical Cases

Grammatical Cases in the Polish Language

Polish has 7 grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative). They indicate the function and meaning of nouns and adjectives in a sentence.


Why Polish uses cases ?


Polish uses cases to show a word’s role in a sentence — who is doing what to whom, without relying on word order.


Polish Grammatical Cases

Przypadek

Case

Function

Przykład

Example

Mianownik

Nominative

Subject of a sentence

Student czyta książkę

A student reads a book

Dopełniacz

Genitive

Possesion or negation (of accusative)

Nie daję książki studentowi

I don't give a book to a student

Celownik

Dative

Indirect object (receiver of the direct object)

Daję książkę studentowi

I give a book to a student

Biernik

Accusative

Direct object (receiver of an action)

Daję książkę studentowi

I give a book to a student

Narzędnik

Instrumental

Instrument of an action

Jadę samochodem

I'm driving a car

Miejscownik

Locative

Location

Jestem w samochodzie

I am in the car

Wołacz

Vocative

Used when directly addressing someone (not used often)

Pani Joanno!

Ms. Joanna!




 
 

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